Which method is Dr. Kamran using to validate her self-report scale?

Dr. Kamran is utilizing the known-groups paradigm method to validate her self-report scale. This approach involves comparing the responses of different groups that are expected to differ on the variable being measured. By demonstrating that the self-report scale can accurately differentiate between those who possess the trait or characteristic being measured and those who do not, Dr. Kamran can establish evidence for the validity of her scale.

To validate her self-report scale using the known-groups paradigm, Dr. Kamran would typically administer the scale to two or more groups that are known to have different levels of the attribute. For instance, if the scale measures anxiety levels, she might compare responses from a clinically anxious group and a group with no anxiety disorders. If the scale successfully indicates higher scores in the anxious group compared to the other group, it validates the measurement tool's effectiveness.

The other options pertain to different methods of validation. Construct validity focuses on how well a test measures the theoretical construct it claims to measure, and while this could also apply to her research, it doesn't specifically describe the known-groups approach. Factor analysis is a statistical method used to identify underlying relationships between variables and is not directly about comparing groups. Content validity assesses whether a test represents all facets of a given