Which of the following would NOT be a threat to statistical validity?

Statistical validity relates to the extent to which the statistical conclusions drawn from a study are accurate and reliable. When considering potential threats to statistical validity, extraneous variables do not fit into this category. Extraneous variables may influence the outcome of a study but are more related to internal validity concerns, as they can affect the relationship between independent and dependent variables.

On the other hand, sampling bias, small sample size, and flawed measurement all directly influence the ability to generalize results from a sample to a population accurately, affecting the statistical conclusions. Sampling bias could lead to an unrepresentative sample, small sample size limits the robustness of the data, and flawed measurement can compromise data integrity. Therefore, the correct understanding of extraneous variables as more relevant to internal rather than statistical validity provides clarity as to why it does not fall under threats to statistical validity.